• Research on the Influence of Cation-π Interactions Formed by Different Metal Cations on the Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Resin

  • Heshuang Li#, Sijie Yin#, Jingya Liu*, Qiaolin Tang, Qiang Peng, Ai Lu**, Yunbo Xu***, JingJin Huang****, and Ming Kang†

  • School of Material and Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, P.R. China
    *Zigong Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Physical and Chemical, Zigong 643000, P.R. China **National Key Laboratory of Chemical Explosion Safety, Institute of Chemical Materials,
    China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
    ***Sichuan Shutai Chemical Technology Co., Ltd, Suining 629399, P.R. China
    ****Sichuan Coremer Materials Co., Ltd., Mianyang 621010, P.R. China

  • 서로 다른 금속 양이온에 의한 양이온-π 상호작용이 에폭시 수지의 기계적 물성에 미치는 영향

  • Reproduction, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form of any part of this publication is permitted only by written permission from the Polymer Society of Korea.

References
  • 1. Kumar, N.; Gaur, A. S.; Sastry, G. N. A Perspective on the Nature of Cation–π Interactions. J. Chem. Sci. 2021, 133, 97.
  •  
  • 2. Zhao, G.; Zhu, H. Cation–π Interactions in Graphene‐containing Systems for Water Treatment and Beyond. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1905756.
  •  
  • 3. Dougherty, D. A. The Cation–π Interaction in Chemistry and Biology. Chem. Rev. 2025, 125, 2793-2808.
  •  
  • 4. Kennedy, C. R.; Lin, S.; Jacobsen, E. N. The Cation–π Interaction in Small‐molecule Catalysis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 12596-12624.
  •  
  • 5. Mu, B.; Yang, Z.; Liang, Z.; Xue, R.; Bu, L.; Zhang, H.; Chi, L.; Yan, H.; Tian, W. Conductive Two-dimensional Supramolecular Polymers via Cation-π Driven Self-aligned Aromatic Brick-like Stacking. CCS Chem. 2025, 7, 807-818.
  •  
  • 6. Luo, J.; Chen, K.; Yin, P.; Li, T.; Wan, G.; Ye, S.; Bi, X.; Pang, Y.; Wei, Y. Effect of Cation-π Interaction on Macroionic Self‐assembly. Angew. Chem. 2018, 130, 4131-4136.
  •  
  • 7. Jiang, G.; Yu, J.; Wang, J.; Tang, B. Z. Ion-π Interactions for Constructing Organic Luminescent Materials: Special Issue: Emerging Investigators. Aggregate, 2022, 3, e285.
  •  
  • 8. Li, Q.; Li, W.; Liu, Z.; Zheng, S.; Wang, X.; Xiong, J.; Yan, F. Poly(ionic liquid) Double‐network Elastomers with High‐impact Resistance Enhanced by Cation-π Interactions. Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2311214.
  •  
  • 9. Chen, S.; Li, Z.; Zhang, C.; Wu, X.; Wang, Q.; Chen, W.; Shi, J. Yuan, D. Cation–π Interaction Trigger Supramolecular Hydrogelation of Peptide Amphiphiles. Small, 2023, 19, 2301063.
  •  
  • 10. Huang, Z.; Zhao, K.; Wei, S.; Hao, Y.; Yu, Q.; Hao, J.; Cui, J.; Zhang, P. Rapid Formation of Antifouling Coatings via Cation–π Interactions. Polym. Chem. 2024, 15, 4465-4473.
  •  
  • 11. He, M.; Li, J.; Xu, J.; Wu, L.; Li, N.; Zhang, S. Dynamic Recyclable High-performance Epoxy Resins via Triazolinedione–indole Click Reaction and Cation–π Interaction Synergistic Crosslinking. Polymers, 2024, 16, 1900.
  •  
  • 12. Zhou, T.; Wang, N.; Gao, Y.; Li, X. Cation–π Interactions in Polymer Science: From Fundamental Insights to Material Applications. Polym. Chem. 2025, 16, 2058-2074.
  •  
  • 13. Guan, X-f.; Liao, C.; Yang, L.; Chang, G-j. Indole-based High-performance Polymeric Materials with Enhanced Mechanical and Thermal Properties via Cation-π Interaction. High Perform. Polym. 2020, 32, 662-668.
  •  
  • 14. Tang, Q.; Zhu, F.; Li, Y.; Peng, Q.; Kang, M.; Kang, T. Engineering Tunable Light Color in High-performance Rare Earth Fluorescent Polymers via Cation-π Interactions. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 2024, 7, 529-537.
  •  
  • 15. Zhuo, L.; He, L.; Wang, Y.; Gou, P.; Wang, X.; Hu, G.; Xie, F. Highly Efficient Thermal Insulation Polyimide Foams Enhanced by Cation-π Interactions. J. Mater. Sci. 2024, 59, 20092-20106.
  •  
  • 16. Zhao, S.; Sun, L.; Liu, Y.; Gao, C.; Ding, L.; Kan, Z.; Liu, Y. Cation-indole Supramolecular Interaction Constructed Novel Silicone Anti-fouling Materials. Chem. Eng. J. 2025, 505, 159423.
  •  
  • 17. Wei, P.; Zhao, W.; Han, S. Research on Impact Resistance Performance of Pbo Fiber Reinforced Polyurea Composites. Coat. Prot. 2025, 46, 49-56.
  •  
  • 18. Lu, T.; Chen, Q. Interaction Region Indicator: A Simple Real Space Function Clearly Revealing Both Chemical Bonds and Weak Interactions. Chem. Methods, 2021, 1, 231-239.
  •  
  • 19. Lu, T.; Chen, F. Multiwfn: A Multifunctional Wavefunction Analyzer.J. Comput. Chem. 2012, 33, 580-592.
  •  
  • 20. Lu, T. Visualization Analysis of Covalent and Noncovalent Interactions in Real Space. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2025, 64, e202504895.
  •  
  • 21. Lu, T.; Chen, Q. A Simple Method of Identifying π Orbitals for Non-planar Systems and a Protocol of Studying π Electronic Structure. Theor. Chem. Acc. 2020, 139, 25.
  •  
  • 22. Just, G. H.; Lefebvre, C.; Rajamani, A.; Khartabil, H.; Pilme, J.; Hénon, É. A Visualizable and Widely Applicable Steric Repulsion Descriptor for Guiding Experimental Chemistry. Chem. Sci. 2026, 17, 5394-5403.
  •  
  • 23. Chang, G.; Yang, L.; Yang, J.; Stoykovich, M. P.; Deng, X.; Cui, J.; Wang, D. High‐performance pH‐switchable Supramolecular Thermosets via Cation–π Interactions. Adv. Mater., 2018, 30, 1704234.
  •  
  • 24. Tang, Q.; Zhu, F.; Li, Y.; Yin, S.; Xu, Y.; Yan, H.; Kang, M.; Chang, G. Demonstration of π–π Stacking at Interfaces: Synthesis of an Indole-Modified Monodisperse Silica Microsphere SiO2@ IN. Langmuir, 2024, 40, 8685-8693.
  •  
  • 25. Yorita, H.; Otomo, K.; Hiramatsu, H.; Toyama, A.; Miura, T.; Takeuchi, H. Evidence for the Cation-π Interaction Between Cu2+ and Tryptophan. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 15266-15267.
  •  
  • 26. Li, Y.; Du, M.; Yang, L.; Bao, Y.; Xu, Y.; Yin, Q.; Lan, Y.; Chang, G. Hydrophilic Domains Compose of Interlocking Cation-π Blocks for Constructing Hard Actuator with Robustness and Rapid Humidity Responsiveness. Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 414, 128820.
  •  
  • 27. Yang, L.; Li, Y.; Du, M.; He, Y.; Lan, Y.; Yin, Q.; Zhu, F.; Chang, G. Force‐reversible and Energetic Indole‐Mg‐Indole Cation-π Interaction for Designing Toughened and Multifunctional High‐performance Thermosets. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 32, 2111021.
  •  
  • 28. Li, Y.; Zhu, F.; Tang, Q.; Zhang, J.; Peng, Q.; Kang, M. Preparation of High-performance Red Fluorescent Epoxy Resin Films Guided by Rare Earth Europium. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2025, 42, 576-586.
  •  
  • 29. Tang, Q.; Li, H.; Yin, S.; Peng, Q.; Kang, M.; Kang, T.; Liu, J.; Wang, H.; Chang, G. Synergistic Strengthening and Toughening of Epoxy Composites via Li+‐π Interaction Induced Microsphere Rolling Mechanism: Rotational Stability and Wide‐Range Effect. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2026, 13, e09971.
  •  
  • 30. Wu, Y.; Breeze, M. I.; Clarkson, G. J.; Millange, F.; O'Hare, D.; Walton, R. I. Exchange of Coordinated Solvent During Crystallization of a Metal–Organic Framework Observed by In Situ High‐Energy X‐ray Diffraction. Ang. Chem. 2016, 128, 5076-5080.
  •  
  • Polymer(Korea) 폴리머
  • Frequency : Bimonthly(odd)
    ISSN 2234-8077(Online)
    Abbr. Polym. Korea
  • 2025 Impact Factor : 1.0
  • Indexed in SCIE

This Article

  • 2026; 50(5): 687-696

    Published online Sep 25, 2026

  • 10.7317/pk.2026.50.5.687
  • Received on Mar 27, 2026
  • Revised on May 24, 2026
  • Accepted on Jun 3, 2026

Correspondence to

  • Ming Kang

  • School of Material and Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, P.R. China

  • E-mail: dyw510@126.com